Travel for Life

Table 1.  Comparison of vaccines In the above table, list of Covid-19 vaccines are compared and one of the nonclinical results has mentioned: Strong Th1 response (Moderna) Strong Th1 and Th2 response (Pfizer, AstraZeneca, J&J and Sputnik V) So, what are Th1 and Th2 responses? Cytokines Cytokines are the hormonal messengers responsible for most of the biological effects in the immune system, such as cell mediated immunity and allergic type responses. Although they are numerous, cytokines can be functionally divided into two groups: Proinflammatory  Anti-inflammatory T Lymphocytes T lymphocytes (or T cells) are a major source of cytokines . These cells bear antigen specific receptors on their cell surface to allow recognition of foreign pathogens. They can also recognize normal tissue during episodes of autoimmune diseases. There are two main subsets of T lymphocytes distinguished by the presence of cell surface molecules known as CD4 and CD8 : Helper T Cells T lymphocyt...

While many successful vaccines act primarily by generating antibodies , there is also a clear need for vaccines that generate populations of highly-specific T cells , especially against infectious agents that successfully escape antibody responses. [1] Latest Developments Based on a latest research, it stated that: [16] These results provide further evidence that a three-dose vaccine regimen benefits the induction of optimal functional T cell immune memory. Table 1.  Vaccines do  generate populations of highly-specific T cells (Source @erictopol ) Innate Immune System vs Adaptive Immune System The  innate immune system  is a conserved defense strategy critical for the initial detection and restriction of pathogens and later activation of the adaptive immune response . Effective activation of innate immunity relies on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RIG...

(Updated 06/14/2021) The Covid-19 vaccine from American biotech company Novavax reported over 90% efficacy in its phase 3 study —whose results have yet to be peer-reviewed—that prioritized patients typically underrepresented in clinical trials, considered to be at high-risk from coronavirus. A vaccine is seen as the world’s best bet for taming a virus that has infected more than 48 million people, led to more than 1.2 million deaths, roiled economies and disrupted billions of lives since it was first identified in China in December. IN EARLY AUGUST, a tiny company won an initial vindication when  Novavax  announced its strong results from the Australian trial. [3] Later Australia’s Prime Minister Scott Morrison had announced that: [1]   Australia government would buy 40 million vaccine doses from Novavax and 10 million from Pfizer and BioNTech. In this article, we will learn more about Novavax’ vaccine ( NVX-CoV2373 ) which is  made of nanoparticle studded with the t...