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Table 1.  Comparison of vaccines In the above table, list of Covid-19 vaccines are compared and one of the nonclinical results has mentioned: Strong Th1 response (Moderna) Strong Th1 and Th2 response (Pfizer, AstraZeneca, J&J and Sputnik V) So, what are Th1 and Th2 responses? Cytokines Cytokines are the hormonal messengers responsible for most of the biological effects in the immune system, such as cell mediated immunity and allergic type responses. Although they are numerous, cytokines can be functionally divided into two groups: Proinflammatory  Anti-inflammatory T Lymphocytes T lymphocytes (or T cells) are a major source of cytokines . These cells bear antigen specific receptors on their cell surface to allow recognition of foreign pathogens. They can also recognize normal tissue during episodes of autoimmune diseases. There are two main subsets of T lymphocytes distinguished by the presence of cell surface molecules known as CD4 and CD8 : Helper T Cells T lymphocyt...

Ending the pandemic crisis won’t be quick or easy. Vaccines may initially slow deaths among those with chronic conditions. But the logistical, production and public education challenges of immunizing 60% to 70% of national populations -- the level the World Health Organization says is needed to achieve herd immunity -- will be a time-consuming and troublesome process. The world will still need masks, social distancing, widespread testing and effective new therapies to keep the virus at bay, public-health specialists say. Current Vaccine Candidates in US C ompany / Candidate Current Clinical Trial Phase Number of Doses Likely Needed for Full Course Notes AstraZeneca AZD1222 Adenovirus-vector vaccine Phase 3 2 doses , injected Supports advanced clinical studies, vaccine manufacturing technology transfer, process developm...